Clinical Comparison of Three Indirect Pulp Capping Restorative Protocols: A Randomized Controlled Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this prospective double-blind clinical trial was to compare clinical outcomes of indirect pulp capping restorative protocols on permanent teeth over a 12-month period. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Deep carious lesions in permanent teeth (90) were randomly assigned to three indirect pulp capping protocols (n=30: TheraCal LC, Dycal, and no liner). All teeth were restored with resin composite. The outcome measures were pain (VAS scale) and success rate (pulp vitality based on percussion, palpation, cold test, and radiographic findings), collected at screening, intervention, and 24-hour, 7-day, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in tooth sensitivity among the three indirect pulp capping protocols nor in success rates among the restorative protocols after 1 year of follow-up (p>0.1).The respective success rates, as defined by the tooth remaining vital, after 1 year were: 96.2% for TheraCal LC, 100% for Dycal, and 100% for no liner. CONCLUSIONS: After 12-month evaluation, the success rate of indirect pulp capping therapy on permanent teeth was not affected by the pulp capping restorative protocol.

Cu-doped SnO2 nanoparticles: size and antibacterial activity investigations.

Nowadays, the use of self-cleaning surfaces is increasing globally, especially after the COVID-2019 pandemic, and the use of nanoparticles has been shown as a plausible option for this purpose. In the present study, Cu-doped SnO2 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized (in the copper content range of 0-30 mol%) using the polymeric precursor method. The structural, morphological, vibrational, and antibacterial activity were carefully studied to unveil the effect of copper ions on the properties of the hosting matrix, aiming at maximizing the usage of Cu-doped SnO2 nanocrystals. The results show fabrication of nanoparticles near their respective exciton Bohr diameter (5.4 nm for SnO2), however, monophasic SnO2 was observed up to 15 mol%. Above this limit, a secondary CuO phase was observed, as shown by the assessed X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopy data. Furthermore, the redshift of the primary A1g vibrational mode of SnO2 is successfully described using the phonon-confinement model, demonstrating a good relationship between the Raman correlation length (L) and the crystallite size (〈D〉), the latter determined from XRD. Regarding the antibacterial activity, assessed via the disc-diffusion testing method (DDTM) while challenging two bacterial species (S. aureus and E. coli), our results suggest a rapid diffusion of the nanoparticles out of the paper disc, with a synergistic effect credited to the Sn1-xCuxO2-CuO phases contributing to the inhibition of the bacteria growth. Moreover, the DDTM data scales with cell viability, the latter analyzed using the Hill equation, from which both lethal dose 50 (LD50) and benchmark dose (BMD) were extracted.

High efficiency of magnetite nanoparticles for the arsenic removal from an aqueous solution and natural water taken from Tambo River in Peru.

Water is an essential compound on earth and necessary for life. The presence of highly toxic contaminants such as arsenic and others, in many cases, represents one of the biggest problems facing the earth´s population. Treatment of contaminated water with magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) can play a crucial role in arsenic removal. In this report, we demonstrate arsenic removal from an aqueous solution and natural water taken from the Peruvian river (Tambo River in Arequipa, Peru) using magnetite NPs synthesized by the coprecipitation method. XRD data analysis of Fe3O4 NPs revealed the formation of the cubic-spinel phase of magnetite with an average crystallite size of ~ 13 nm, which is found in good agreement with the physical size assessed from TEM image analysis. Magnetic results evidence that our NPs show a superparamagnetic-like behavior with a thermal relaxation of magnetic moments mediated by strong particle-particle interactions. FTIR absorption band shows the interactions between arsenate anions and Fe-O and Fe-OH groups through a complex mechanism. The experimental results showed that arsenic adsorption is fast during the first 10 min; while the equilibrium is reached within 60 min, providing an arsenic removal efficiency of ~ 97%. Adsorption kinetics is well modeled using the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is related to the chemisorption model. According to Langmuir's model, the maximum arsenic adsorption capacity of 81.04 mg·g- 1 at pH = 2.5 was estimated, which describes the adsorption process as being monolayer, However, our results suggest that multilayer adsorption can be produced after monolayer saturation in agreement with the Freundlich model. This finding was corroborated by the Sips model, which showed a good correlation to the experimental data. Tests using natural water taken from Tambo River indicate a significant reduction of arsenic concentration from 356 µg L- 1 to 7.38 µg L- 1, the latter is below the limit imposed by World Health Organization (10 µg L- 1), suggesting that magnetite NPs show great potential for the arsenic removal.

Encuesta del Grupo de Trabajo de Cirugía Radioguiada (GTCRG) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (SEMNIM): localización radioguiada de lesiones no palpables de mama con o sin indicación de biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela: ROLL, SNOLL y semillas de 125I / Survey of the Radioguided Surgery Working Group (GTCRG-RGSWG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM): Radioguided localization of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy: ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds

Objetivo: Conocer el estado actual de la técnica de localización radioguiada de lesiones no palpables de mama con o sin indicación de biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela —ROLL, SNOLL y semillas de 125I— mediante la realización de una encuesta nacional elaborada por el Grupo de Trabajo de Cirugía Radioguiada (GTCRG) de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (SEMNIM). Material y métodos: En octubre del 2020 se envió la encuesta, en formato digital, a los distintos servicios de Medicina Nuclear de nuestra geografía. Se dio un tiempo de respuesta de 2meses con prórroga de 15 días. Se ha obtenido el número de procedimientos ROLL/SNOLL de cada centro y la metodología utilizada, recogiendo importantes detalles técnicos. Además, se ha incluido un apartado específico sobre las semillas de 125I. Los resultados se volcaron de forma automática en una hoja de cálculo Excel 2007 para su posterior análisis con el mismo programa. Resultados: La encuesta fue contestada por 55 centros; 21 utilizan arpón mientras que los 34 restantes emplean distintas técnicas de cirugía radioguiada (CRG) para la localización de lesiones no palpables de mama, desglosando los resultados en 13apartados. La dosis de trazador habitualmente utilizada es de 111 MBq para la técnica ROLL y de 222 MBq para la técnica SNOLL, con un volumen de 0,2ml. El protocolo más habitual es el de 2días. El 26% de los centros que realiza CRG utiliza semillas de 125I tanto para la detección de lesiones mamarias como de ganglios sospechosos/patológicos, siendo el tiempo entre la implantación y la extirpación es de unos 3 días, con posterior control radiológico en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusión: La encuesta pone de manifiesto la relevancia de la cirugía radioguiada en el manejo de los pacientes con cáncer de mama en las diferentes etapas de la enfermedad, con disparidad en la implementación de las nuevas técnicas y herramientas (AU)

Objective: To know the current status of the technique of radioguided localisation of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy -ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds- by conducting a national survey developed by the Working Group on Radioguided Surgery (GTCRG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM). Material and methods: In October 2020, the form was sent in digital format to the different nuclear medicine services in Spain. A response time of 2months with an overtime of 15 days was given. The number of ROLL/SNOLL procedures in each centre and the methodology used were obtained, including important technical details. In addition, a specific section on 125I seeds was included. The results were automatically downloaded into an Excel 2007 spreadsheet for subsequent analysis with the same program. Results: The survey was answered by 55 centres; 21 use wire-guided localisation while the remaining 34 use different radioguided surgery techniques (RGS) for the localisation of non-palpable breast lesions, with the results itemized into thirteen sections. The commonly used tracer dose is 111 MBq for the ROLL technique and 222 MBq for the SNOLL technique, with a volume of 0.2ml. The most common protocol is the two-day protocol. 26% of centres performing CRG use 125I seeds for both breast lesion and suspicious/pathological node detection, with the time between implantation and removal being about 3 days, with subsequent radiological control in most cases. Conclusion: The survey shows the relevance of radioguided surgery in the management of breast cancer patients at different stages of the disease, with disparity in the implementation of new techniques and tools, which responds to the multiple healthcare realities of Nuclear Medicine services (AU)

Magnesium Supplementation Is Associated with a Lower Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Patients Submitted to Bariatric Surgery.

PURPOSE: Literature has demonstrated an inverse relation between magnesium (Mg) consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HT), and dyslipidemia. After bariatric surgery (BS), micronutrients deficiencies are common, it being important to ensure appropriate supplementation. There is no recommendation about Mg supplementation and to our knowledge, its effect has not been studied to date. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of Mg supplementation in cardio-metabolic risk factors on post-bariatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study of patients with obesity who underwent BS was performed. Data was assessed preoperatively and yearly (4-year follow-up). RESULTS: A total of 3363 patients were included. In the first year of follow-up, 79.8% (n = 2123) of the patients were supplemented with Mg, with evidence of slightly decreased percentages in the following years. Mg deficiency (serum Mg < 1.52 mEq/L) was more common among patients who were not supplemented during each year of follow-up (p < 0.05). Among those who underwent Mg supplementation, the percentage of T2DM, HT, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130 mg/dL was significantly lower. In the first year post-surgery, the supplementation group had a lower risk of T2DM (OR = 0.545, p < 0.0001), LDL-C > 130 mg/dL (OR = 0.612, p < 0.0001), and HT (OR = 0.584, p < 0.0001). The OR for having these metabolic comorbidities persisted lower during the 4 years' follow-up. Patients who had Mg deficiency had higher prevalence of T2DM and HT. CONCLUSION: Mg supplementation seems to have a protective effect on the development of T2DM, HT, and LDL-C > 130 mg/dL in post-bariatric patients.

Survey of the Radioguided Surgery Working Group (GTCRG-RGSWG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM): Radioguided localization of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy: ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds.

OBJECTIVE: To know the current status of the technique of radioguided localisation of non-palpable breast lesions with or without indication for selective sentinel node biopsy -ROLL, SNOLL and 125I seeds- by conducting a national survey developed by the Working Group on Radioguided Surgery (GTCRG) of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SEMNIM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In October 2020, the form was sent in digital format to the different nuclear medicine services in Spain. A response time of 2 months with an overtime of 15 days was given. The number of ROLL/SNOLL procedures in each centre and the methodology used were obtained, including important technical details. In addition, a specific section on 125I seeds was included. The results were automatically downloaded into an Excel 2007 spreadsheet for subsequent analysis with the same program. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 55 centres; 21 use wire-guided localisation while the remaining 34 use different radioguided surgery techniques (RGS) for the localisation of non-palpable breast lesions, with the results itemized into thirteen sections. The commonly used tracer dose is 111 MBq for the ROLL technique and 222 MBq for the SNOLL technique, with a volume of 0.2 ml. The most common protocol is the two-day protocol. 26% of centres performing CRG use 125I seeds for both breast lesion and suspicious/pathological node detection, with the time between implantation and removal being about 3 days, with subsequent radiological control in most cases. CONCLUSION: The survey shows the relevance of radioguided surgery in the management of breast cancer patients at different stages of the disease, with disparity in the implementation of new techniques and tools, which responds to the multiple healthcare realities of Nuclear Medicine services.

Synthesis and characterization ofα-Fe2O3nanoparticles showing potential applications for sensing quaternary ammonium vapor at room temperature.

P-type and n-type metal oxide semiconductors are widely used in the manufacture of gas sensing materials, due to their excellent electronic, electrical and electrocatalytic properties. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) compound has been reported as a promising material for sensing broad types of gases, due to its affordability, good stability and semiconducting properties. In the present work, the efficient and easy-to-implement sol-gel method has been used to synthesizeα-Fe2O3nanoparticles (NPs). The TGA-DSC characterizations of the precursor gel provided information about the phase transformation temperature and the mass percentage of the hematite NPs. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data analyses indicated the formation of two iron oxide phases (hematite and magnetite) when the NPs are subjected to thermal treatment at 400 °C. Meanwhile, only the hematite phase was determined for thermal annealing above 500 °C up to 800 °C. Besides, the crystallite size shows an increasing trend with the thermal annealing and no defined morphology. A clear reduction of surface defects, associated with oxygen vacancies was also evidenced when the annealing temperature was increased, resulting in changes on the electrical properties of hematite NPs. Resistive gas-sensing tests were carried out using hematite NPs + glycerin paste, to detect quaternary ammonium compounds. Room-temperature high sensitivity values (Sr âˆ¼ 4) have been obtained during the detection of ∼1 mM quaternary ammonium compounds vapor. The dependence of the sensitivity on the particle size, the mass ratio of NPs with respect to the organic ligand, changes in the dielectric properties, and the electrical conduction mechanism of gas sensing was discussed.

Biosensors for the detection of disease outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiology.

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a novel community-wide monitoring tool that provides comprehensive real-time data of the public and environmental health status and can contribute to public health interventions, including those related to infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic). Nonetheless, municipalities without centralized laboratories are likely still not able to process WBE samples. Biosensors are a potentially cost-effective solution to monitor the development of diseases through WBE to prevent local outbreaks. This review discusses the economic and technical feasibility of eighteen recently developed biosensors for the detection and monitoring of infectious disease agents in wastewater, prospecting the prevention of future pandemics.

Multi-project and Multi-profile joint Non-negative Matrix Factorization for cancer omic datasets.

MOTIVATION: The integration of multi-omic data using machine learning methods has been focused on solving relevant tasks such as predicting sensitivity to a drug or subtyping patients. Recent integration methods, such as joint Non-negative Matrix Factorization, have allowed researchers to exploit the information in the data to unravel the biological processes of multi-omic datasets. RESULTS: We present a novel method called Multi-project and Multi-profile joint Non-negative Matrix Factorization capable of integrating data from different sources, such as experimental and observational multi-omic data. The method can generate co-clusters between observations, predict profiles and relate latent variables. We applied the method to integrate low-grade glioma omic profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia projects. The method allowed us to find gene clusters mainly enriched in cancer-associated terms. We identified groups of patients and cell lines similar to each other by comparing biological processes. We predicted the drug profile for patients, and we identified genetic signatures for resistant and sensitive tumors to a specific drug. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Source code repository is publicly available at https:/bitbucket.org/dsalazarb/mmjnmf/-Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5150920. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Descriptive electromyography signals analysis of equine longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius muscles during maneuvers used to activate the core / [Análise descritiva do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos longuíssimo dorsal, reto abdominal e glúteo médio de equinos durante a realização de manobras utilizadas para ativação do core]

Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.(AU)

Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.(AU)

Evaluation of data quality in the Spanish EURECCA Esophagogastric Cancer Registry.

BACKGROUND: Although the number of nationwide clinical registries in upper gastrointestinal cancer is increasing, few of them perform regular clinical audits. The Spanish EURECCA Esophagogastric Cancer Registry (SEEGCR) was launched in 2013. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the data in terms of completeness and accuracy. METHODS: Patients who were registered (2014-2017) in the online SEEGCR and underwent esophagectomy or gastrectomy with curative intent were selected for auditing. Independent teams of surgeons visited each center between July 2018 and December 2019 and checked the reliability of data entered into the registry. Completeness was established by comparing the cases reported in the registry with those provided by the Medical Documentation Service of each center. Twenty percent of randomly selected cases per hospital were checked during on-site visits for testing the accuracy of data (27 items per patient file). Correlation between the quality of the data and the hospital volume was also assessed. RESULTS: Some 1839 patients from 19 centers were included in the registry. The mean completeness rate in the whole series was 97.8% (range 82.8-100%). For the accuracy, 462 (25.1%) cases were checked. Out of 12,312 items, 10,905 were available for verification, resulting in a perfect agreement of 95% (87.1-98.7%). There were 509 (4.7%) incorrect and 35 (0.3%) missing entries. No correlation between hospital volume and the rate of completeness and accuracy was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the SEEGCR contains reliable data.

Primary lymph-node staging with 68Ga-PSMA PET in high-risk prostate cancer: pathologic correlation with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy specimens.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to assess the diagnostic efficacy of Gallium-68-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) (68Ga PSMA PET-CT) in primary nodal staging of high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) when compared to pathologic findings of extended pelvic lymph-node dissection (eLND). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of high-risk PCa patients who were preoperatively staged through 68Ga PSMA PET-CT and who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy with eLND either alone or as part of multimodal definitive therapy between August 2016 and November 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgeons were not blinded to the results of the 68Ga PSMA PET-CT scan. Pathologic uptake was defined as any anomalous uptake which was not better explained by another cause and was suggestive of PCa. The reference standard for this study was the pathologic confirmation using a node-based analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for 68Ga PSMA PET-CT were calculated in a per-patient analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. RESULTS: Seventeen patients met the selection criteria. Mean age was 63 years (range 44-77) and mean and median preoperative serum prostate specific antigen was 19.25 and 9 ng/ml (range 6-131), respectively. The most common pathologic Gleason score was 8 (52.9% of cases). Seven patients (41%) had positive surgical margins and were submitted to adjuvant radiotherapy. Mean number of per patient removed lymph-nodes was 13 (±2.19). 68Ga PSMA PET-CT showed findings compatible with lymph node metastases in 4/17 patients and with locally-confined disease in 13/17 patients. Following pathologic confirmation, the per-patient sensibility of the 68Ga PSMA PET-CT was calculated at 75% (1 false negative) and the specificity at 92.3% (1 false positive) for detection of lymph node metastasis on primary staging of high-risk PCa patients. Positive and negative predictive value were 75% and 92.3%, respectively; accuracy of the test was calculated at 88.2%. All patients were submitted to 68Ga PSMA PET-CT re-evaluation 6 months after surgery and tested negative for local, nodal, or distant recurrence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: 68Ga PSMA PET-CT appears to have a high negative predictive value for local lymph node metastases in high-risk primary PCa when compared to pathologic findings of eLND. Its role in the primary nodal staging of high-risk PCa patients worths further evaluation.

ARMC5 Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Associated with a Meningioma: A Family Report.

Primary bilateral adrenal macronodular hyperplasia is characterized by functioning adrenal macronodules and variable cortisol secretion. Familial clustering suggests a genetic cause that has been confirmed with the identification of some genetic mutations, including inactivating germline mutations, in armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) gene. The identification of the pathogenic variant enables the physician to identify and treat these patients earlier and more effectively. It has also been noticed that patients with germline causative variants show a different clinical spectrum, presenting specific clinical characteristics, as the association with the presence of meningiomas.

Assessment of antibiotic resistant coliforms from bioaerosol samples collected above a sewage-polluted river in La Paz, Bolivia.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health risk, and the presence of resistant bacteria in the environment may be an indicative of fecal pollution. The objective of this study has been to assess the antibiotic resistance of airborne coliforms near a highly impacted urban river that may contain high levels of fecal waste. The pilot study has been located within an Andean river basin, the Choqueyapu River basin, which flows through La Paz city in Bolivia. Bioaerosol samples have been collected using liquid impingement and plated on mTEC agar. Coliforms have been detected within 80% of the air samples. The resistance profiles of coliforms present in 20 air samples have been determined by using a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline, antibiotics commonly used to treat gram-negative infection. Broad patterns of antibiotic resistance have been observed throughout the study, with coliforms from at least one sample exhibiting resistance to each of the tested antibiotics. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid has been the most commonly observed, with coliforms in 73% and 60% of samples which helps to demonstrate resistance to these antibiotics, respectively. This study provides insight into the prevalence of airborne, antibiotic resistant coliforms near concentrated fecal waste streams and this highlights an underappreciated hazard and the potential exposure risk in areas where fecal waste may become aerosolized at any given time.

Orofacial Muscles: Embryonic Development and Regeneration after Injury.

Orofacial congenital defects such as cleft lip and/or palate are associated with impaired muscle regeneration and fibrosis after surgery. Also, other orofacial reconstructions or trauma may end up in defective muscle regeneration and fibrosis. The aim of this review is to discuss current knowledge on the development and regeneration of orofacial muscles in comparison to trunk and limb muscles. The orofacial muscles include the tongue muscles and the branchiomeric muscles in the lower face. Their main functions are chewing, swallowing, and speech. All orofacial muscles originate from the mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches under the control of cranial neural crest cells. Research in vertebrate models indicates that the molecular regulation of orofacial muscle development is different from that of trunk and limb muscles. In addition, the regenerative ability of orofacial muscles is lower, and they develop more fibrosis than other skeletal muscles. Therefore, specific approaches need to be developed to stimulate orofacial muscle regeneration. Regeneration may be stimulated by growth factors such fibroblast growth factors and hepatocyte growth factor, while fibrosis may be reduced by targeting the transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1)/myofibroblast axis. New approaches that combine these 2 aspects will improve the surgical treatment of orofacial muscle defects.

Imaging findings for mucinous tumors of the abdomen and pelvis. / Hallazgos en imagen en los tumores mucinosos de abdomen y pelvis.

This article aims to describe the imaging findings for mucinous tumors of the abdomen and pelvis, which have a similar appearance on imaging tests regardless of the organ in which they develop. Due to the high water content of mucus, the appearance of these tumors is generally similar to that of water on ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Another common feature of mucin-producing tumors is that calcifications are often present. The rupture of these lesions and accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity gives rise to pseudomyxoma peritonei. It is important to identify mucinous tumors because they have a different prognosis and clinical course than non-mucinous tumors and require different management. Depending on their anatomic location and their imaging characteristics, the treatment approach varies from follow-up to radical surgery together with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both.

Quantum heat distribution in thermal relaxation processes.

We analyze the heat exchange distribution of open quantum systems undergoing a thermal relaxation process with a time-dependent effective temperature. We show that such processes arise, for example, if the dynamics maximizes the entropy production. Using a two-point measurement scheme, we find an expression for the heat moment generating function that depends solely on the system's partition function and on the thermalization function (i.e., the law of cooling) describing the effective temperature. Applications include the relaxation of free bosonic and fermionic modes, for which closed-form expressions for the time-dependent heat distribution function are derived. Multiple free modes with arbitrary dispersion relations are also briefly discussed. In the semiclassical limit our formula agrees with previous results of the literature for the heat distribution of an optically trapped nanoscopic particle far from equilibrium.

Magnetic resonance imaging in dementia. / Resonancia magnética en las demencias.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and illustrate the key findings on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the most common dementias of neurodegenerative origin: Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, variants of frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, variants of multiple system atrophy, Parkinson dementia, and corticobasal degeneration. CONCLUSION: Today the role of MRI is no longer limited to ruling out underlying causes of cognitive deterioration. MRI can show patterns of atrophy with a predictive value for certain dementias which, although not specific or unique to each disease, can help to confirm diagnostic suspicion or to identify certain processes. For this reason, it is important for radiologists to know the characteristic findings of the most common dementias.

Actualización de la biopsia del ganglio centinela tras quimioterapia neoadyuvante en el cáncer de mama sin y con afectación ganglionar al diagnóstico / Review of the role of the sentinel node biopsy in neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer and negative or positive axillary node at diagnosis

Esta actualización pretende contextualizar la relevancia de la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) en mujeres con cáncer de mama e indicación de quimioterapia neoadyuvante (QTN). El Grupo de Trabajo de Cirugía Radioguiada de la SEMNIM es consciente de la variabilidad existente en nuestro país sobre todo en cuanto al momento de realizar la técnica (previa o tras la QTN) y en cuanto al manejo de pacientes con axila negativa o positiva al diagnóstico. Existe suficiente experiencia contrastada para aseverar que mediante técnicas radioisotópicas la BSGC es factible, eficaz y segura en estos escenarios. Una adecuada valoración mediante técnicas de imagen de la situación tumoral a nivel de la axila previa a la cirugía y la posibilidad del marcaje previo a la QTN de cualquier ganglio infiltrado deben ser los pilares fundamentales para garantizar el éxito de la BSGC. Es un hecho que incorporar la BSGC en el cáncer de mama con indicación de QTN favorece un tratamiento conservador de la axila, lo cual redunda en claro beneficio de las pacientes (AU)

The role of the selective sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is increasing in relevance in breast cancer women with indication of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The Radiosurgery Working Group of the SEMNIM is aware of the necessity of establishing the need for SNB before or after NAC, and also how to manage patients with axillary node-negative or node-positive. There is sufficient data to assess that the SNB with radioisotope techniques are feasible and safe in all these scenarios. An adequate axilla evaluation prior to surgery and the possibility of marking prior to NAC the nodes infiltrated must be the two main pillars to guarantee the success of the SNB. It has been shown that to incorporate the SNB in breast cancer women with indication of NAC increases the rate of a conservative treatment of the axilla that will be a clear benefit for these patients (AU)